Keeping Rabbits Outdoors: What You Need to Know

Rabbits can be kept outdoors all year round – provided that you make a few provisions to protect them from the heat, frost, wind and rain. This article will explain everything you need to know when keeping rabbits outdoors.

Too hot in summer, too cold in winter? Not for rabbits!

Be it bitterly cold winter temperatures of around 2ºC or scorching summer heat of 30ºC or more, most rabbits have grown up with these conditions and can be kept outdoors all year round. However, you must make special provisions for keeping rabbits outdoors both in winter and in summer.

Here, you can find out everything you need to know when keeping rabbits outdoors in each season and how you can make the enclosure in your own garden suitable for both summer and winter.

Keeping rabbits outdoors? Ideal all year round

Of course, rabbits can also be kept indoors, but if you have the opportunity to do so, there are plenty of reasons for keeping them outdoors. These small mammals are tough and feel perfectly at ease even in sub-zero temperatures with snow.

Rabbits love running, jumping, digging and crawling through tunnels – where better to do so than outside? After all, there is easily more space for a suitably large rabbit enclosure outside than there is inside your home. What's more, if you choose to keep your rabbits outdoors, you also don't need to worry about them chewing at chair legs or leaving droppings on the carpet.

Keeping your rabbit on a balcony is only possible if the balcony is big enough and well secured. A rabbit hutch is insufficient as a permanent outdoor house without additional exercise – this also applies for indoor housing.

The perfect enclosure for keeping your rabbits outdoors

Rabbits have a big urge to move around, so in order to keep them in a way that suits their natural habits, you have to allow them sufficient exercise. Therefore, an outdoor enclosure should have an area of at least 6m2. The more rabbits that live with you, the bigger it should be.

In addition, rabbits should be allowed to run freely once a day – naturally in a suitably secured outdoor area. If this isn't possible, it is recommended to keep rabbits in an enclosure of at least 10m2. A generous area for frolicking, running and playing is particularly important during the cold season, because exercise prevents rabbits from getting too cold.

The following criteria should be met so that your rabbit feels at ease all year round in its outdoor enclosure:

• Free area for running
• Shelter for protection from harsh weather conditions and for sleeping
• Partially covered area for protection from rain
• Opportunities for play and activities (e.g. digging box, pipes, tunnels, elevated seating areas and other hiding places and shelters)
• Cuddly spots and bedded areas
• Materials to chew (fresh branches, natural materials)
• Water and food bowls
• Roof or net covering above to protect from predators
• Escape-proof fencing, approx. 50-60cm deep in the ground so that rabbits or intruders like foxes cannot dig beneath it

In summer, the enclosure must also offer enough shady spots, ideally provided by high trees. Rabbits usually tolerate strong heat from the sun less well they do than snow and frost. They absolutely need shady areas to retreat to.

During the winter, rabbits need a dry and frost-free area for eating, resting and sleeping. Partial roofing for the enclosure is recommended, for example with corrugated panels or double-webbed sheets. One or more shelters where the rabbits can retreat to are a must all year round.

Spring: time to head outside

If you have kept your rabbits indoors until now or you have new rabbits in your home, spring is an ideal time for moving outdoors. This is because the days become milder again and there is little difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures.

Adapting to living outdoors gradually

To avoid putting rabbits under unnecessary strain with the move, it is recommended to get them accustomed to their new outdoor home gradually. Sudden changes in temperature, as well as the abundant fresh food in the form of grass freely available to rabbits outdoors, can damage their small bodies and lead to digestive complaints.

At the start, only put your rabbit outside for about an hour when the grass is dry, and the days are mild. They should be brought inside overnight. They can only stay outside at night too from mid-May when there is no longer any ground frost.

If your rabbits have first been gradually accustomed to being kept outdoors, they can stay outdoors all year round from then onwards. Even the ground frost won’t bother them after that.

Summer: airy shady spots wanted

When keeping rabbits outdoors, they need sufficient shady areas in summer – either from trees, roofs or awnings. It is important that the heat doesn't accumulate too much in the shade. Rabbits need airy shady spots and should never be completely exposed to the sun.

Autumn: preparation for the cold season

From August at the latest, rabbits should be permanently kept outdoors because this is the only way that they can prepare for the cooling temperatures.

Due to the natural reduction in light in the late summer and temperatures slowly cooling, rabbits living outdoors begin to moult and form a thick, warm coat that offers them reliable protection in winter.

Rabbit food in autumn

In autumn, it is wise to give your rabbit fresh food that is as rich in energy as possible so that it can gain enough fat ahead of the winter. A seed mix, corn on the cob to chew, fruit and abundant fresh food are ideal for your pet at this time.

Winter: warm spots for keeping rabbits cosy

Armed with a winter coat and fat, rabbits can now face the cold temperatures without worrying. Outdoor enclosures must meet the following requirements in winter:

• A lot of unobstructed open space for exercise: Exercise keeps rabbits warm, fit and active in winter.
• Partially roofed section of the enclosure: Especially on wet, damp or windy days, rabbits need a completely dry, waterproof area that protects them from the elements. Make sure that the side exposed to the weather is well protected – for instance, with a tarpaulin.
• Warm, frost-free shelter: Rabbits gladly seek out a shelter in winter to warm up, eat, drink and sleep. Suitable options are rabbit hutches, cat houses or a dog kennel.

It is important that rabbits that are kept outdoors are protected inside from wind, rain, draughts, snow and frost. Therefore, you should provide additional protection for mesh doors of the rabbit hutch in winter. For example, with plexiglass or wood. A wool blanket in front of it is also ideal to offer sufficient insulation without restricting ventilation.

• Plenty of hay and straw are important in winter to keep rabbits cosy in their winter quarters. Check every day whether their bedding is still clean, dry and abundant and replace with fresh bedding as needed.

Rabbit food in winter

In order to maintain protective winter fat for the whole season, rabbits need more calories in winter than in summer, which they get from rabbit food rich in carbohydrates and fat. For instance, fatty seeds like fennel seeds or shelled sunflower seeds are ideal. In addition, vegetables rich in calories like celeriac, turnip cabbage, carrots, parsnips or turnips are suitable options.

It is important to provide small portions of fresh food and vegetables in winter and to change them several times a day so that the food in the outdoor enclosure doesn't freeze over. Instead of fresh wild herbs, you can now give your rabbit dried herbs which you can supplement with grain flakes like oats.

Providing water in winter

There should always be fresh drinking water available for your rabbit. Do not use drinking bottles in winter, because your rabbit's tongue could get stuck to the ice-cold metal. A sufficiently large water bowl placed on the floor is ideal.

Make sure that the drinking water doesn't freeze in sub-zero temperatures in the enclosure. The bigger the water bowl the better, since the more water, the longer it takes to freeze. On very cold nights, keep a microwave pillow (SnuggleSafe) under the drinking bowl, which will heat the water from underneath for some time.

Tip: To prevent the drinking water in the bowl from freezing, you can also place a table tennis ball on the water. The wind moves the ball around and the movement of the water prevents it from freezing quickly.

Do rabbits need artificial sources of heat when kept outdoors in winter?

Healthy rabbits don't necessarily need artificial heat in winter. However, external heat sources can be practical in the case of long-lasting frost or in higher altitude regions with abundant snowfall.

Good options include a heated pad for the enclosure or a self-heating thermo blanket. A heat or infrared lamp can also provide warmth in the roofed area of the enclosure. It is important for the heat lamps to be protected from the wind and storms. Also place it high enough to avoid too much heat underneath!

Wanted: snuggle buddies for rabbits

When keeping rabbits outdoors, having someone for them to cuddle is even more important than a thermo blanket, heat lamp and the like. They are very sociable animals and should never be kept alone. Regardless of how lovingly a human cares for a rabbit, they can never replace one of its own kind.

Rabbits cuddle and keep each other warm in winter. What's more, several rabbits are much more active than one on its own.

Can all rabbits be kept outdoors?

Almost all healthy rabbits – even dwarf and young rabbits – can be kept outdoors all year round. Only chronically ill or infirm rabbits are better off being kept indoors.

Furthermore, there are a few rabbit breeds that are very susceptible to the weather. These include, long-haired breeds, Rex rabbits and some Lionhead rabbits. They don't have as thick a top coat and therefore have less protection from the wind, rain and cold. However, these rabbit breeds can stay outdoors in winter as long as their enclosure is sufficiently protected from the wind, rain and snow by roofed areas.

Conclusion: rabbits can be kept outdoors all year round

Rabbits can stay outside all year without any problems in a sufficiently large enclosure with plenty of opportunities for playing and suitable protected areas. Even hibernation on frosty nights is very much possible in this case. Most rabbits love snow and generally tolerate the cold better than excessive heat.

Please don't take your rabbit into your home to warm up quickly in winter! The difference in temperature will do it a lot of harm. Instead, you are doing your rabbit a bigger favour if you keep an eye on it outdoors with its playmates and regularly give it fresh titbits and cosy straw.